Adjectives Russian declension

1 adjectives

1.1 adjectival declension
1.2 comparison of adjectives
1.3 possessive adjectives

adjectives

a russian adjective (и́мя прилага́тельное) placed before noun qualifies, , agrees noun in case, gender, , number. exception of few invariant forms borrowed other languages, such беж beige or ха́ки khaki , adjectives follow 1 of small number of regular declension patterns, except provide difficulty in forming short form. in modern russian, short form appears in nominative , used when adjective in predicative role; formerly (as in bylinas) short adjectives appeared in other forms , roles, not used in modern language, nonetheless understandable russian speakers declined nouns of corresponding gender.

adjectives may divided 3 general groups:

qualitative (ка́чественные) — denote quality of object; usual have degrees of comparison.
relational (относи́тельные) — denote sort of relationship; unlikely act predicate or have short form.
possessive (притяжа́тельные) — denote belonging specific subject; have declensional peculiarities.

adjectival declension

the pattern described below suits full forms of adjectives, except possessive ones; used substantivated adjectives учёный , adjectival participles.

russian differentiates between hard-stem (as above) , soft-stem adjectives. note following:

masculine adjectives ending in nominative in ий , neuters in ее declined follows: его (read: ево), ему, им, , ем.
feminine adjectives in яя declined ей , юю.
plural adjectives in ие declined их, им, ими , их.
case endings -ого/-его read -ово/ево.

examples:

before 1917, adjectival declension looked quite different, @ least in writing; example, there special feminine plural forms, in french. in modern editions of classical poetry elements of system still used if important rhyme or metrics. notable example ending -ыя (bisyllabic) instead of -ой (monosyllabic) genitive single female adjectives, considered bookish , deprecated in times of alexander pushkin still used him in lines such «тайна брачныя постели» («Евгений Онегин», iv, l).

comparison of adjectives

comparison forms usual qualitative adjectives , adverbs. comparative , superlative synthetic forms not part of paradigm of original adjective different lexical items, since not qualitative adjectives have them. few adjectives have irregular forms declined usual adjectives: большо́й big — бо́льший bigger , хоро́ший — лу́чший better . synthetically derived comparative forms derived adding -ее or -ей adjective stem: кра́сный red — красне́е more red ; these forms difficult distinguish adverbs, , adverbs. superlative synthetic forms derived adding suffix -ейш- or -айш- , additionally prefix наи-, or using special comparative form наи-: до́брый kind — добре́йший kindest , большо́й big — наибо́льший biggest .

another way of comparison analytical forms adverbs бо́лее more / ме́нее less , са́мый / наибо́лее / наиме́нее least : до́брый kind — бо́лее до́брый kinder — са́мый до́брый kindest . way used if special comparative forms exist.

possessive adjectives

possessive adjectives used in russian lesser extent in other slavic languages, still in use. answer questions чей? чья? чьё? чьи? (whose?) , denote animated possessors. alternative possessive adjectives possessive genitives used more commonly. there 3 suffixes form them: -ов/ев, -ын/ин , -ий.

suffix -ов/ев used form adjective word denoting single human masculine , ends on consonant; selection depends on if stem hard or soft. suffix -ын/ин similar attached feminine words or masculine ending in -а/я. both types more common in spoken language in literary (though being acceptable in both styles) , forms of kinship terms, given names , diminutives: ма́ма — ма́мин mom s , оте́ц — отцо́в father s , Са́ша — Са́шин sasha s /for diminutives both alexandr , alexandra/. words of type common russian surnames, Пушкин (derived пу́шка gun used nickname).

adjectives on -ов , -ин declined via mixed declension: of forms nominal, adjectival, , ambivalent.

adjectives on -ий (speaking suffix, not case ending; before vowels, suffix deceases single sound /j/ , written ь) used deriving adjectives animal species (in old russian language, suffix derived possessive adjectives plural possessors): лиса fox — лисий of fox , fox . declension of such adjectives nominal in nominative , accusative (except masculine , plural animated accusative) , adjectival other forms.

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