Meeraj

1 patents , inventions 1.1 variable resistance exercising device 1.2 exerciser 1.3 passive programmable resistance device 1.4 related patents patents , inventions variable resistance exercising device variable resistance exercising device, 1976 an improved exercising device exercising legs of user includes frame member lever arm having 1 end pivotably attached thereto. lever arm extends downwardly portion of frame member pivotably connected, , pair of foot-engaging force transferring members mounted on lower end of lever arm. cable has 1 end pivotably connected near lower end of lever arm, passes around eccentrically mounted pulley , has other end connected weights. user lifts lower portions of legs, lever arm pivoted pull cable , weights attached thereto, thereby strengthening knee muscles of user. eccentrically mounted pulley varies resistance movement of user s lower legs increasing resistance , decreasing resistance in sinusoidal manner lower legs lifted pivot lever arm , lift weig

las meninas (1656), diego velázquez, museo del prado artists spain have been highly influential in development of various european , american artistic movements. due historical, geographical , generational diversity, spanish art has known great number of influences. mediterranean heritage greco-roman , moorish , influences in spain, in andalusia still evident today. european influences include italy, germany , france, during renaissance spanish baroque , neoclassical periods. there many other autochthonous styles such pre-romanesque art , architecture, herrerian architecture or isabelline gothic. during golden age find painters such el greco, josé de ribera, bartolomé esteban murillo , francisco zurbarán. inside baroque period diego velázquez created of famous spanish portraits, las meninas or las hilanderas. francisco goya painted during historical period includes spanish independence war, fights between liberals , absolutists, , raise of contemporary state-nations. joaquín sorolla we

manco cápac , mama ocllo, children of inti traditionally son of inca ruler led army. pachacuti s son túpac inca yupanqui began conquests north in 1463 , continued them inca ruler after pachacuti s death in 1471. túpac inca s important conquest kingdom of chimor, inca s serious rival peruvian coast. túpac inca s empire stretched north modern-day ecuador , colombia. túpac inca s son huayna cápac added small portion of land north in modern-day ecuador , in parts of peru. @ height, inca empire included peru , bolivia, of ecuador , large portion of today chile, north of maule river. advance south halted after battle of maule met determined resistance mapuche. empire s push amazon basin near chinchipe river stopped shuar in 1527. empire extended corners of argentina , colombia. however, of southern portion of inca empire, portion denominated qullasuyu, located in altiplano. the inca empire amalgamation of languages, cultures , peoples. components of empire not uniformly loyal, nor local cult

macarthur statue @ freedom (jayu) park, incheon, south korea close up. macarthur park (formerly westlake park) park in los angeles, california, named after general douglas macarthur , designated city of los angeles historic cultural monument #100. located in westlake neighborhood of city , named after general macarthur. park basis of song of same name written jimmy webb. macarthur park historic district in little rock, arkansas. long island macarthur airport, located in islip, new york. a major upscale shopping mall, macarthur center, named douglas macarthur , located across street macarthur memorial , burial site in norfolk, virginia. macarthur barracks @ united states military academy @ west point, adjacent macarthur statue. the missouri meerschaum company, popular manufacturer of corn cob pipes, makes general macarthur style of pipe, modelled after tall, thin style of pipe douglas macarthur famous. macarthur square commons area located east of milwaukee county courthouse in milwau

prior senior year in 2016, elflein handled position switch, moving guard center position fifth-year senior, aplomb, starting 13 games buckeyes. ended garnering rimington trophy nation’s top center , helping ohio state make college football playoff semifinals. elflein 1 of 3 finalists outland trophy , won pace big ten offensive linemen of year. elflein named rimington–pace offensive lineman of year , first team all-big ten selection in 2016. along malik hooker, became first pair of buckeye teammates named consensus all-americans in same year since orlando pace , eddie george in 1995.

colledge, j. j.; warlow, ben (2006) [1969]. ships of royal navy: complete record of fighting ships of royal navy (rev. ed.). london: chatham publishing. isbn 978-1-86176-281-8. oclc 67375475.  winfield, rif & lyon, david (2004). sail , steam navy list: ships of royal navy 1815–1889. london: chatham publishing. isbn 978-1-86176-032-6. oclc 52620555. 

1 further reading 1.1 scientific journals 1.2 scientific books 1.3 scientific databases further reading scientific journals jochimsen b; peinemann-simon s; volker h; stuben d; botz r; stoffers p; dando pr; thomm m (1997). stetteria hydrogenophila, gen. nov. , sp. nov., novel mixotrophic sulfur-dependent crenarchaeote isolated milos, greece . extremophiles. 1 (2): 67–73. doi:10.1007/s007920050016. pmid 9680304.  burggraf s; huber h; stetter ko (1997). reclassification of crenarchael orders , families in accordance 16s rrna sequence data . int. j. syst. bacteriol. 47 (3): 657–660. doi:10.1099/00207713-47-3-657. pmid 9226896.  zillig w; stetter ko; prangishvilli d; schafer w; wunderl s; janekovic d; holz i; palm p (1982). desulfurococcaceae, second family of extremely thermophilic, anaerobic, sulfur-respiring thermoproteales . zentralbl. bakteriol. parasitenkd. infektionskr. hyg. abt. 1 orig. c3: 304–317.  noon, kathleen r.; guymon, rebecca; crain, pamela f.; mccloskey, james a.; thomm

the spanish constitution of 1978 protect spaniards , peoples of spain in exercise of human rights, cultures , traditions, languages , institutions . according amnesty international (ai), government investigations of alleged police abuses lengthy , punishments light. violence against women problem, government took steps address. spain provides 1 of highest degrees of liberty in world lgbt community. among countries studied pew research center in 2013, spain rated first in acceptance of homosexuality, 88% of society supporting gay community compared 11% not.

1 history 1.1 peugeot-citroën domination 1.2 mitsubishi in ascendancy 1.3 security concerns 1.4 south america history the race originated in december 1978, year after thierry sabine got lost in ténéré desert whilst competing in abidjan-nice rally , decided desert location regular rally. 182 vehicles took start of inaugural rally in paris, 74 surviving 10,000-kilometre (6,200 mi) trip senegalese capital of dakar. cyril neveu holds distinction of being event s first winner, riding yamaha motorcycle. event rapidly grew in popularity, 216 vehicles taking start in 1980 , 291 in 1981. neveu won event second time in 1980, hubert auriol taking honours in 1981 bmw. stage, rally had begun attract participation of famous names elsewhere in motorsport, such henri pescarolo , jacky ickx. now boasting 382 competitors, more double amount took start in 1979, neveu won event third time in 1982, time riding honda motorcycle, while victory in car class went marreau brothers, driving privately entered ren

1 17th century writings 1.1 transition vijayanagara 1.2 golden age 1.3 age of sarvajna 17th century writings transition vijayanagara with waning of vijayanagara empire, raja wodeyar (r. 1578–1617) became first ruler of political importance @ mysore, having ousted vijayanagara governor @ srirangapatna. however, fledgling kingdom still owed nominal allegiance diminished empire. foundation of independent state influence regional polity , culture laid in period. in following decades, mysore court became inheritor of vijayanagara literary legacy , centre textual production not in kannada, native language, extent, in telugu , sanskrit. earliest available kannada language writings mysore court tirumalarya (or tirumala iyengar), raja wodeyar s court poet. composed karna vrittanta kathe (c. 1600) in sangatya metre, composition rendered accompaniment of instrument. raja wodeyar s grandson, chamaraja vi (r. 1617–1637), earliest among mysore kings known personal contribution fine arts. king wrote

the cascade fountain in alnwick garden. adjacent castle, jane percy, duchess of northumberland, has initiated establishment of alnwick garden, formal garden set around cascading fountain. cost £42 million (press release of 7 august 2003). garden belongs charitable trust separate northumberland estates, duke of northumberland donated 42-acre (17 ha) site , £9 million. garden designed jacques wirtz , peter wirtz of wirtz international based in schoten, belgium. first phase of development, opened in october 2001, involved creation of fountain , initial planting of gardens. in 2004 large 6,000 sq ft (560 m) tree house complex, including cafe, opened. deemed 1 of largest tree houses in world. in february 2005, poison garden, growing plants such cannabis , opium poppy, added. may 2006 saw opening of pavilion , visitor centre designed sir michael hopkins , buro happold can hold 1,000 people. as of 2011, there still several areas completed, in order fulfil original design.

a flier advertising memorial event held few days after de cleyre s death during time in freethought movement in mid , late 1880s, de cleyre influenced thomas paine, mary wollstonecraft , clarence darrow. other influences henry david thoreau, big bill haywood , eugene debs. after hanging of haymarket protesters in 1887, however, became anarchist. till believed in essential justice of american law of trial jury, wrote in autobiographical essay, after never . she known excellent speaker , writer – in opinion of biographer paul avrich, greater literary talent other american anarchist  – , tireless advocate anarchist cause, religious zeal, according goldman, stamped did. she gave birth son, harry, on june 12, 1890, fathered freethinker james b. elliot. agreed de cleyre , elliot, harry lived elliot , de cleyre had no part in upbringing. close , inspired dyer d. lum, ( teacher, confidant, comrade in words of goldman). relationship him ended shortly before suicide in 1893. de cleyre ba

1 soundtrack 1.1 original (kadhalar dhinam) 1.2 hindi (dil hi dil mein) 1.3 telugu (premikula roju) soundtrack original (kadhalar dhinam) all lyrics written vaali; music composed a. r. rahman. hindi (dil hi dil mein) all lyrics written mehboob kotwal; music composed a. r. rahman. telugu (premikula roju) all music composed a. r. rahman.

1 adoptions 1.1 itu-t g.9972 1.2 sgip 1.3 dlna 1.4 sae , iec 62196 1.5 ieee 1905.1 adoptions itu-t g.9972 the ieee 1901 isp coexistence protocol extended support international telecommunication union s family of home networking standards known g.hn, , adopted itu-t recommendation itu-t g.9972. sgip the smart grid interoperability panel (sgip) initiated u.s. national institute of standards , technology (nist) mandates implementation of ieee 1901 isp coexistence mechanism (or itu-t g.9972) in technologies operating on power lines. nistir 7862: guideline implementation of coexistence broadband power line communication standards ieee 1901 standard included in sgip catalog of standards dlna in 2012 digital living network alliance (dlna) announced supported ieee 1901 standards. sae , iec 62196 the sae j1772 , iec 62196 standards electric vehicle charging include ieee 1901 standard power line communication between vehicle, off-board charging station, , smart grid, without requiring additiona

the fourth round of 2009 challenge cup occupied first weekend of april, , super league clubs meant first challenge cup ties. in march, wigan learned face away tie barrow raiders, , expected match held in front of first sell-out crowd @ barrow s craven park twenty-five years. game still in balance fiftenn minutes time, barrow trailing wigan 4 points @ 20–24, following match had seen shaun ainscough hat-trick , wigan s defensive frailties exploited again. result pivoted on forward pass decision ruled out barrow try, minutes before pryce scored controversial try wigan in appeared have knocked-on, twelve minutes left play. try tomkins sealed win wigan advance them fifth round of competition. on day after, confirmed martin gleeson transfer wigan warrington wolves, on 3 , half-year contract. signing came after warrington had left gleeson out of squad defeated york city knights in fourth round cup tie, meaning gleeson eligible play wigan in future cup games. wigan reported wigan evening post

cansu yağ playing konak belediyespor in 2013–14 season against marmara Üniversitesi spor. cansu yağ driving ball konak belediyespor in 2015–16 season against kireçburnu spor. after graduating gymnasium rheindahlen in mönchengladbach, moved turkey attend university. there, enrolled in trakya university in edirne study physical education , sports. played trabzonspor until closure, , became member of women s football club lüleburgaz 39 spor in october 2011, promoted turkish women s first football league. in august 2012, yağ transferred konak belediyespor. at fsc mönchengladbach, helped team s success scoring goals many times. yağ continued scoring @ lüleburgaz 39 spor, , konak belediyespor well. in 2012–13 season, @ scored 3 goals in total, experienced turkish league championship. playing in 2013–14 uefa women s champions league, team completed qualifying round group leader, , passed round of 32, failed reach quarterfinals losing 2 matches in round of 16 against austrian side sv neulengba

1 ministry , fundraising scandal 1.1 allegations of exploitation of vulnerable people 1.2 undercover investigation 1.3 meeting response media 1.4 1991 primetime live documentary ( apple of god s eye ) 1.5 denial 1.6 further revelations 1.7 government involvement 1.8 failed libel action 1.9 tilton sued fraud ministry , fundraising scandal in 1991, diane sawyer , abc news conducted investigation of tilton (as 2 other dallas-area televangelists, w.v. grant , larry lea). investigation, assisted trinity foundation president ole anthony , broadcast on abc s primetime live on november 21, 1991, alleged tilton s ministry threw away prayer requests without reading them, keeping accompanying money or valuables sent ministry viewers, garnering ministry estimated us$80 million year. allegations of exploitation of vulnerable people ole anthony, dallas-based minister trinity foundation church works homeless , poor on east side of dallas, first took interest in tilton s ministry in late 1980s after o

^ gruner, peter (11 may 2012). jilani chowdhury becomes islington s new mayor, 20 years after arriving bangladesh . islington: islington tribune. retrieved 1 april 2014.  ^ hill, dave (22 august 2010). tower hamlets: labour selects mayoral candidate . guardian. retrieved 21 september 2010.  ^ saini, angela (22 may 2008). shake-up @ town hall . bbc london. retrieved 21 march 2009.  ^ britain s first woman mayor of bangladeshi origin . dhaka: dhaka tribune. 12 may 2017. retrieved 1 june 2017.  ^ latham, bob (20 may 2010). local elections 2010: nasim nash ali, 1 o-level council leader - profile of labour s top man @ town hall . camden: camden new journal. retrieved 1 february 2014. 

state route 172 state highway along western part of arizona. established route town of parker parker dam, along colorado river. existed between 1958-1962. after dam completed route decertified. instead extended 66. road dam site still exists today county route. spur route of state route 72. in 1962, route became part of state route 95.

blue meanie , talia madison in 2005 szantyr trained jason knight , kevin landry @ house of pain pro wrestling dojo in new britain, connecticut. after completing training, began working valet , wrestler on independent circuit using ring names miss talia, talia doll, , talia madison. on independent circuit, formed tag team known t&a april hunter. talia made debut world xtreme wrestling (wxw) on march 3, 2004, defeated alere little feather. won first championship in professional wrestling, wxw women s championship, after winning battle royal on may 29, 2004. talia went on defended title against april hunter, cindy rogers, psycho , ariel. on august 28, talia teamed alicia in winning effort defeating cindy rogers , mercedes martinez in tag team match, , defeated becky bayless in bra , panties match on september 9. talia continued undefeated streak, defending title against alere little feather, luscious lily, cindy rogers, officer mercy, , against feather , alicia in triple threat match.

since april 2009, o grady has presented own two-hour long programme on bbc radio 2 called paul o grady on wireless broadcast on sundays 5–7pm. o grady guest on kate thornton s paper cuts in 2015. in september 2017, o grady presented two-part documentary bbc radio 2 called story of light. show saw o grady celebrate 50th anniversary of radio 2 looking @ bbc light programme channel replaced.

1 background 1.1 novel 1.2 genesis of musical 1.3 1958 plot 1.4 casting , tryouts background novel c.y. lee fled war-torn china in 1940s , came united states, attended yale university s playwriting program, graduating in 1947 m.f.a. degree. 1950s, barely making living writing short stories , working chinese teacher, translator , journalist san francisco chinatown newspapers. had hoped break playwriting, instead wrote novel chinatown, flower drum song (originally titled grant avenue). lee had no success selling novel, agent submitted publishing house of farrar, straus , cudahy. firm sent manuscript elderly reader evaluation. reader found dead in bed, manuscript beside him words read scrawled on it. publishing house did so, , bought lee s novel, became bestseller in 1957. lee s novel centers on wang chi-yang, 63-year-old man fled china avoid communists. wealthy refugee lives in house in chinatown 2 sons. sister-in-law, madam tang, takes citizenship classes, regular visitor , urges wang

1 draw 1.1 first qualifier 1.2 second qualifier 1.3 third qualifier 1.4 fourth qualifier 1.5 fifth qualifier 1.6 sixth qualifier 1.7 seventh qualifier 1.8 eighth qualifier 1.9 ninth qualifier 1.10 tenth qualifier 1.11 eleventh qualifier 1.12 twelfth qualifier draw first qualifier second qualifier third qualifier fourth qualifier fifth qualifier sixth qualifier seventh qualifier eighth qualifier ninth qualifier tenth qualifier eleventh qualifier twelfth qualifier

examples of standalone word processor typefaces c. 1980–1981 brother wp-1400d editing electronic typewriter (1994) electric pencil, released in december 1976, first word processor software microcomputers. software-based word processors running on general-purpose personal computers gradually displaced dedicated word processors, , term came refer software rather hardware. programs modeled after particular dedicated wp hardware. multimate, example, written insurance company had hundreds of typists using wang systems, , spread there other wang customers. adapt smaller, more generic pc keyboard, multimate used stick-on labels , large plastic clip-on template remind users of dozens of wang-like functions, using shift, alt , ctrl keys 10 ibm function keys , many of alphabet keys. other word-processing software required users memorize semi-mnemonic key combinations rather pressing keys labelled copy or bold . (in fact, many pcs lacked cursor keys; wordstar famously used e-s-d-x-centered di

^ cite error: named reference myfurn invoked never defined (see page). ^ leather? . leather. blc leather technology centre ltd. retrieved 2014-03-27.  ^ nelson, daryl. bonded leather sofas vs. genuine leather - s difference? . consumer affairs. consumers unified llc. retrieved 2014-03-27.  ^ bennett, mick (2017-09-26). leather bags women: overview 3,000 designs. lulu press, inc. p. 4. isbn 9781387232031.  ^ rubel, md mizanur rahman. quality control technique: leather products cutting department. lulu.com. p. 12. isbn 9781304320391.  ^ binggeli, corky (2013-08-26). materials interior environments. john wiley & sons. p. 119. isbn 9781118421604. 

with highway construction programme in final stages, croatian parliament has passed bill build first high-speed line, new botovo–zagreb–rijeka line, initial maximum planned speed of 250 km/h. initially, however, train not exceed 200kmh due signaling system can accommodate speeds 200kmh. cost of new line estimated @ 9,244,200,000 kuna (approx. 1.6 bil usd). project include modernisation of current botovo-zagreb line , construction of new line between zagreb , rijeka. also, pan-european corridor x, running slovenian border, through zagreb, serbian border future candidate high-speed extension line. modern croatian track, built 160 km/h , electrified , connects branch lines in croatia, rapidly growing croatian cities of slavonski brod , vinkovci, , pan-european corridor vc towards osijek , bosnia , herzegovina.

the final contested aston villa , sunderland on 19 april 1913 @ london s crystal palace. aston villa won 1–0, goal tommy barber assisted crossed ball charlie wallace. wallace had earlier missed penalty, not occur again in fa cup final, until 1988 final between wimbledon , liverpool. match details

no smoking sign in rural train station in romania smoking banned in indoor public places such schools, office buildings , public institutions, though specially designed smoking areas may established on premises under conditions. hospitals, cfr passenger trains , bucharest metro, among others, smoke-free. since 2011, bars , restaurants may designated either smoke-free or exclusively smokers. on 15 december 2015, romanian parliament adopted law banning smoking in public areas. law, came effect on march 2016 forbids smoking in closed environment public use, defining closed environment 1 having @ least 2 walls.

^ högt över havet, eurovisionsschlagern 1987: sverige: uttagningen /2:a plats/ / saijonmaa, arja, svensk mediedatabas. retrieved 3 april 2011. ^ sergei dikiy- biography . sergei dikiy official site (in russian). retrieved 2 september 2013.  ^ milljon alyh roz = miljoner rosor / elena ermanova , svensk mediedatabas. retrieved 3 april 2011. ^ miljoona ruusua juhlalevy - 40 laulua, article music album on finnish wikipedia. retrieved 6 september 2013. ^ Ани Лорак - Миллион алых роз. youtube. ^ raimonds pauls , culture.lv. retrieved 3 april 2011. archived copy @ internet archive. retrieved 31 august 2013.

filipino american u.s. navy officers , warrant officers aboard uss comstock (lsd-45) @ naval base san diego. san diego has historically been destination filipino immigrants, , has contributed growth of population. first documentation of filipinos arriving in san diego, while part of united states, occurred in 1903 when filipino students arrived @ state normal school; followed 1908 filipino sailors serving in united states navy. due discriminatory housing policies of time, majority of filipinos in san diego lived downtown, around market street, known skids row . prior world war ii, due anti-miscegenation laws, multi-racial marriages hispanic , latino women common, particularly mexicans. in 1940s , 1950s, filipino americans largest population of asians within city of san diego, population around 5 hundred. after world war ii, majority of filipino americans in san diego associated u.s. navy in 1 form or another, in late 1970s , 1980s more half of filipino babies born in greater san diego

on july 7, 2013, spitzer announced running new york city comptroller, , start petition following day. 3,750 valid signatures registered voters party required july 11 register race spitzer able submit on 27,000 signatures city board of elections before deadline. spitzer commented asking forgiveness, , hopeful voters forgive him. eliot spitzer lost primary on september 10, 2013 scott stringer.

number of canon ef lenses sold on time (red), compared nikon f mount lenses (blue) the ef mount replaces predecessor, fd mount. standard autofocus lens mounting technology of time used motor in camera body drive mechanics of focus helicoid in lens using transfer lever. key innovation of ef series use motor inside lens focusing. allowed autofocusing lenses did not require mechanical levers in mount mechanism, electrical contacts supply power , instructions lens motor. motors designed particular lens installed in. when ef mount introduced in 1987, had largest mount diameter (54 mm internal) among 35 mm slr cameras. the ef series includes on eighty lenses. ef series has encompassed focal lengths 8 1200 mm. ef-m mount introduced 2 lenses, 22mm prime , 18–55mm zoom. many ef lenses include such features canon s ultrasonic motor (usm) drive, image stabilization system (is), diffractive optics (do) and, particularly l-series lenses, fluorite , aspherical lens elements.

1 post-resignation 1.1 prostitution scandal developments 1.2 teaching 1.3 media appearances 1.4 2013 campaign nyc comptroller 1.5 investing 1.6 2016 extortion scandal post-resignation prostitution scandal developments on july 16, 2008, new york times published article explained how spitzer used campaign funds pay 2 mayflower hotel bookings, $411.06 apiece, alleged have met prostitutes. while remains unclear if spitzer stayed in hotel on nights booked, times has stated spitzer met prostitutes in 2008. spitzer declined comment on issue. in november 2008, prosecutors in charge of case announced spitzer not face criminal charges involvement in sex ring. cited no evidence of misuse of public funds found , therefore not serve public interest press charges against spitzer. disgraced former governor offered apology conduct, saying appreciate impartiality , thoroughness of investigation u.s. attorney s office, , acknowledge , accept responsibility conduct disclosed. teaching in september 2009,

chairmen of siemens ag managing board (1966 present) hans kerschbaum, adolf lohse, bernhard plettner (presidency of managing board) (1966 1967) erwin hachmann, bernhard plettner, gerd tacke (presidency of managing board) (1967 1968) gerd tacke (1968 1971) bernhard plettner (1971 1981) karlheinz kaske (1981 1992) heinrich von pierer (1992 2005) klaus kleinfeld (2005 2007) peter löscher (2007 2013) joe kaeser (2013 present) chairmen of siemens ag supervisory board (1966 present) ernst von siemens (1966 1971) peter von siemens (1971 1981) bernhard plettner (1981 1988) heribald närger (1988 1993) hermann franz (1993 1998) karl-hermann baumann (1998 2005) heinrich von pierer (2005 2007) gerhard cromme (2007 present) managing board (present day) joe kaeser (ceo, 2013 present) roland busch (ceo infrastructure & cities sector) lisa davis (chair , ceo - siemens corporation) klaus helmrich (chief technology officer) janina kugel (chief human resources officer) siegfried russwurm (ceo industr

^ pga european - holden new zealand open . sports network. 2005. retrieved 25 march 2009.  ^ edited a. h. mclintock (1966). men s golf - national champions . encyclopaedia of new zealand. te ara - encyclopedia of new zealand. retrieved 13 february 2009. cs1 maint: text: authors list (link)

1 transition mechanisms 1.1 dual ip stack implementation 1.2 tunneling 1.2.1 automatic tunneling 1.2.2 configured , automated tunneling (6in4) 1.3 proxying , translation ipv6-only hosts transition mechanisms ipv6 not foreseen supplant ipv4 instantaneously. both protocols continue operate simultaneously time. therefore, ipv6 transition mechanisms needed enable ipv6 hosts reach ipv4 services , allow isolated ipv6 hosts , networks reach each other on ipv4 infrastructure. many of these transition mechanisms use tunneling encapsulate ipv6 traffic within ipv4 networks. imperfect solution, reduces maximum transmission unit (mtu) of link , therefore complicates path mtu discovery, , may increase latency. tunneling protocols temporary solution networks not support native dual-stack, both ipv6 , ipv4 run independently. dual ip stack implementation dual-stack ip implementations provide complete ipv4 , ipv6 protocol stacks in same network node on top of common physical layer implementation, such e