Demographics Spain

1 demographics

1.1 urbanisation
1.2 peoples
1.3 minority groups
1.4 immigration
1.5 languages
1.6 education
1.7 health
1.8 religion

demographics

in 2008 population of spain officially reached 46 million people, recorded padrón municipal (spain s municipal register). spain s population density, @ 91/km² (235/sq mi), lower of western european countries , distribution across country unequal. exception of region surrounding capital, madrid, populated areas lie around coast. population of spain more doubled since 1900, when stood @ 18.6 million, principally due spectacular demographic boom in 1960s , 1970s.

native spaniards make 88% of total population of spain. after birth rate plunged in 1980s , spain s population growth rate dropped, population again trended upward, based on return of many spaniards had emigrated other european countries during 1970s, , more recently, fuelled large numbers of immigrants make 12% of population. immigrants originate in latin america (39%), north africa (16%), eastern europe (15%), , sub-saharan africa (4%). in 2005, spain instituted three-month amnesty programme through hitherto undocumented aliens granted legal residency.

in 2008, spain granted citizenship 84,170 persons, people ecuador, colombia , morocco. sizeable portion of foreign residents in spain comes other western , central european countries. these british, french, german, dutch, , norwegian. reside on mediterranean coast , balearic islands, many choose live retirement or telecommute.

substantial populations descended spanish colonists , immigrants exist in other parts of world, notably in latin america. beginning in late 15th century, large numbers of iberian colonists settled in became latin america , @ present white latin americans (who make one-third of latin america s population) of spanish or portuguese origin. around 240,000 spaniards emigrated in 16th century, peru , mexico. 450,000 left in 17th century. between 1846 , 1932 estimated 5 million spaniards emigrated americas, argentina , brazil. approximately 2 million spaniards migrated other western european countries between 1960 , 1975. during same period perhaps 300,000 went latin america.

urbanisation


metropolitan areas



geographical distribution of spanish population in 2008



the urban transformation of bilbao has been hailed example of smart city .

source: Áreas urbanas +50 , ministry of public works , transport (2013)

peoples

the spanish constitution of 1978, in second article, recognises several contemporary entities—nationalities— , regions, within context of spanish nation.

spain de facto plurinational state. idendity of spain rather accrues of overlap of different territorial , ethnolinguistic identities of sole spanish identity. in cases of territorial identities may conflict dominant spanish culture. distinct traditional identities within spain include basques, catalans, galicians, andalusians , valencians, although extent of 17 autonomous communities may claim distinct local identity.

it last feature of shared identity between more local level or autonomous community , spanish level makes identity question in spain complex , far univocal.

minority groups

map portraying major immigrant countries of origin of 2008

spain has number of descendants of populations former colonies, latin america , north africa. smaller numbers of immigrants several sub-saharan countries have been settling in spain. there sizeable numbers of asian immigrants, of whom of middle eastern, south asian , chinese origin. single largest group of immigrants european; represented large numbers of romanians, britons, germans, french , others.

the arrival of gitanos, romani people, began in 16th century; estimates of spanish roma population range 750,000 on 1 million. there mercheros (also quinquis), formerly nomadic minority group. origin unclear.

historically, sephardi jews , moriscos main minority groups originated in spain , contribution spanish culture. spanish government offering spanish nationality sephardi jews.

immigration


percentage distribution of foreign population in spain in 2005

according spanish government there 5.7 million foreign residents in spain in 2011, or 12% of total population. according residence permit data 2011, more 860,000 romanian, 770,000 moroccan, approximately 390,000 british, , 360,000 ecuadorian. other sizeable foreign communities colombian, bolivian, german, italian, bulgarian, , chinese. there more 200,000 migrants sub-saharan africa living in spain, principally senegaleses , nigerians. since 2000, spain has experienced high population growth result of immigration flows, despite birth rate half replacement level. sudden , ongoing inflow of immigrants, particularly arriving illegally sea, has caused noticeable social tension.

within eu, spain had 2nd highest immigration rate in percentage terms after cyprus, great margin, highest in absolute numbers, 2008. number of immigrants in spain had grown 500,000 people in 1996 5.2 million in 2008 out of total population of 46 million. in 2005 alone, regularisation programme increased legal immigrant population 700,000 people. there number of reasons high level of immigration, including spain s cultural ties latin america, geographical position, porosity of borders, large size of underground economy , strength of agricultural , construction sectors, demand more low cost labour can offered national workforce.

another statistically significant factor large number of residents of eu origin typically retiring spain s mediterranean coast. in fact, spain europe s largest absorber of migrants 2002 2007, immigrant population more doubling 2.5 million people arrived. in 2008, prior onset of economic crisis, financial times reported spain favoured destination western europeans considering move own country , seeking jobs elsewhere in eu.

in 2008, government instituted plan of voluntary return encouraged unemployed immigrants outside eu return home countries , receive several incentives, including right keep unemployment benefits , transfer whatever contributed spanish social security. programme had little effect; during first 2 months, 1,400 immigrants took offer. programme failed do, sharp , prolonged economic crisis has done 2010 2011 in tens of thousands of immigrants have left country due lack of jobs. in 2011 alone, more half million people left spain. first time in decades net migration rate expected negative, , 9 out of 10 emigrants foreigners.

languages


the languages of spain (simplified)

spain openly multilingual, , constitution establishes nation protect spaniards , peoples of spain in exercise of human rights, cultures , traditions, languages , institutions.

spanish (español)—officially recognised in constitution castilian (castellano)—is official language of entire country, , right , duty of every spaniard know language. constitution establishes other spanish languages —that is, other languages of spain—will official in respective autonomous communities in accordance statutes, organic regional legislations, , richness of distinct linguistic modalities of spain represents patrimony object of special respect , protection.

the other official languages of spain, co-official spanish are:

basque (euskara) in basque country , navarre;
catalan (català) in catalonia, balearic islands , in valencian community, distinct modality of language officially known valencian (valencià); and
galician (galego) in galicia

as percentage of general population, basque spoken 2%, catalan (or valencian) 17%, , galician 7% of spaniards.

in riojan monastery of san millán de suso there found first written records of both basque , spanish languages (glosas emilianenses).

in catalonia, aranese (aranés), local variety of occitan language, has been declared co-official along catalan , spanish since 2006. occitan spoken in comarca of val d aran 6,700 people. other romance minority languages, though not official, have special recognition, such astur-leonese group (asturian – asturianu, called bable – in asturias , leonese – llionés – in castile , león) , aragonese (aragonés) in aragon.

in north african spanish autonomous city of melilla, riff berber spoken significant part of population. in tourist areas of mediterranean coast , islands, english , german spoken tourists, foreign residents, , tourism workers.

education


concepción arenal, krausist , pioneer of asociación para la enseñanza de la mujer

state education in spain free , compulsory age of 6 sixteen. current education system regulated 2006 educational law, loe (ley orgánica de educación), or fundamental law education. in 2014, loe partially modified newer , controversial lomce law (ley orgánica para la mejora de la calidad educativa), or fundamental law improvement of education system, commonly called ley wert (wert law). since 1970 2014, spain has had 7 different educational laws (lge, loece, lode, logse, lopeg, loe , lomce).

institución libre de enseñanza educational project developed in spain half century of 1876–1936 francisco giner de los ríos , gumersindo de azcárate. institute inspired philosophy of krausism. concepción arenal in feminism , santiago ramón y cajal in neuroscience in movement.

health

the health care system of spain (spanish national health system) considered 1 of best in world, in 7th position in ranking elaborated world health organization. health care public, universal , free legal citizen of spain. total health spending 9.4% of gdp, above average of 9.3% of oecd.

religion

roman catholicism has long been main religion of spain, , although no longer has official status law, in public schools in spain students have choose either religion or ethics class. catholicism religion commonly taught, although teaching of islam, judaism, , evangelical christianity recognised in law. according june 2016 study spanish centre sociological research 70% of spaniards self-identify catholics, 2% other faith, , 25% identify no religion. spaniards not participate regularly in religious services. same study shows of spaniards identify religious, 59% hardly ever or never go church, 16% go church times year, 9% time per month , 15% every sunday or multiple times per week. recent polls , surveys have revealed atheists , agnostics comprise anywhere 20% 27% of spanish population.

santiago de compostela cathedral, coruña

altogether, 9% of entire spanish population attends religious services @ least once per month. though spanish society has become considerably more secular in recent decades, influx of latin american immigrants, tend strong catholic practitioners, has helped catholic church recover.

there have been 4 spanish popes. damasus i, calixtus iii, alexander vi , benedict xiii. spanish mysticism important intellectual fight against protestantism teresa of Ávila, reformist nun, ahead. society of jesus founded ignatius of loyola , francisco javier. in 1960s, jesuits pedro arrupe , ignacio ellacuría inside movement of liberation theology.

protestant churches have 1,200,000 members. there 105,000 jehovah s witnesses. church of jesus christ of latter-day saints has approximately 46,000 adherents in 133 congregations in regions of country , has temple in moratalaz district of madrid.

a study made union of islamic communities of spain demonstrated there 1,700,000 inhabitants of muslim background living in spain of 2012, accounting 3–4% of total population of spain. vast majority composed of immigrants , descendants originating morocco , other african countries. more 514,000 (30%) of them had spanish nationality.

the recent waves of immigration have led increasing number of hindus, buddhists, sikhs , muslims. after reconquista in 1492, muslims did not live in spain centuries. late 19th-century colonial expansion in northwestern africa gave number of residents in spanish morocco , western sahara full citizenship. ranks have since been bolstered recent immigration, morocco , algeria.

judaism practically non-existent in spain 1492 expulsion until 19th century, when jews again permitted enter country. there around 62,000 jews in spain, or 0.14% of total population. arrivals in past century, while descendants of earlier spanish jews. approximately 80,000 jews thought have lived in spain prior expulsion.

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