History Bengali language

1 history

1.1 ancient language of bengal
1.2 emergence of bengali
1.3 middle bengali
1.4 modern bengali

history

silver coin proto-bengali script, harikela kingdom, circa 9th-13th century


ancient language of bengal

sanskrit spoken in bengal since first millennium bce. during gupta empire, bengal hub of sanskrit literature. middle indo-aryan dialects spoken in bengal in first millennium when region part of magadha realm. these dialects called magadhi prakrit. evolved ardha magadhi. ardha magadhi began give way called apabhraṃśa languages @ end of first millennium.

emergence of bengali

along other eastern indo-aryan languages, bengali evolved circa 1000–1200 ad sanskrit , magadhi prakrit. local apabhraṃśa of eastern subcontinent, purbi apabhraṃśa or abahatta ( meaningless sounds ), evolved regional dialects, in turn formed 3 groups of bengali–assamese languages, bihari languages, , odia language. argue points of divergence occurred earlier — going 500, language not static: different varieties coexisted , authors wrote in multiple dialects in period. example, ardhamagadhi believed have evolved abahatta around 6th century, competed ancestor of bengali time. proto-bengali language of pala empire , sena dynasty.

middle bengali

silver taka sultanate of bengal, circa 1417

during medieval period, middle bengali characterized elision of word-final অ ô, spread of compound verbs , arabic , persian influences. bengali official court language of sultanate of bengal. muslim rulers promoted literary development of bengali. bengali became spoken vernacular language in sultanate. period saw borrowing of perso-arabic terms bengali vocabulary. major texts of middle bengali (1400–1800) include chandidas shreekrishna kirtana.

modern bengali

the central shaheed minar in dhaka commemorates bengali language movement. unesco commemorates movement international mother language day

the modern literary form of bengali developed during 19th , 20th centuries based on dialect spoken in nadia region, west-central bengali dialect. bengali presents strong case of diglossia, literary , standard form differing colloquial speech of regions identify language. modern bengali vocabulary contains vocabulary base magadhi prakrit , pali, tatsamas , reborrowings sanskrit , other major borrowings persian, arabic, austroasiatic languages , other languages in contact with.

during period, চলিতভাষা chôlitôbhasha form of bengali using simplified inflections , other changes, emerging সাধুভাষা sadhubhasha (proper form or original form of bengali) form of choice written bengali.

in 1948 government of pakistan tried impose urdu sole state language in pakistan, starting bengali language movement. bengali language movement popular ethno-linguistic movement in former east bengal (today bangladesh), result of strong linguistic consciousness of bengalis gain , protect spoken , written bengali s recognition state language of dominion of pakistan. on day of 21 february 1952 5 students , political activists killed during protests near campus of university of dhaka. in 1956 bengali made state language of pakistan. day has since been observed language movement day in bangladesh , proclaimed international mother language day unesco on 17 november 1999, marking bengali language language in world known language movements , people sacrificing life mother language.

a bengali language movement in indian state of assam took place in 1961, protest against decision of government of assam make assamese official language of state though significant proportion of population bengali-speaking, particularly in barak valley.

in 2010, parliament of bangladesh , legislative assembly of west bengal proposed bengali made official un language. motions came after bangladeshi prime minister sheikh hasina suggested idea while addressing un general assembly year.