Religious trends and philosophy Early modern period

1 religious trends , philosophy

1.1 eastern philosophies
1.2 muslim world
1.3 protestant reformation
1.4 counter-reformation , jesuits
1.5 humanism
1.6 17th-century philosophy
1.7 age of reason , scientific revolution

religious trends , philosophy

eastern philosophies

concerning development of eastern philosophies, of eastern philosophy had been in advanced state of development study in previous centuries. various philosophies include indian philosophy, chinese philosophy, iranian philosophy, japanese philosophy, , korean philosophy.

muslim world

the islamic golden age reached peak in high middle ages, stopped short mongol invasions of 13th century. re-establishment of 3 major muslim empires 16th century (the aforementioned ottoman safavid , mughal empires) gave rise muslim cultural revival. safavids established twelver shi islam iran s official religion, giving iran separate identity sunni neighbors.

protestant reformation

the modern period initiated protestant reformation , collapse of unity of medieval western church. theology of calvinism in particular has been argued instrumental rise of capitalism (the protestant ethic , spirit of capitalism).

counter-reformation , jesuits

the counter-reformation period of catholic revival in response protestant reformation during mid-16th mid-17th centuries. counter-reformation comprehensive effort, involving ecclesiastical or structural reforms political dimension , spiritual movements.

such reforms included foundation of seminaries proper training of priests in spiritual life , theological traditions of church, reform of religious life returning orders spiritual foundations , new spiritual movements focusing on devotional life , personal relationship christ, including spanish mystics , french school of spirituality. involved political activities included roman inquisition.

new religious orders fundamental part of trend. orders such capuchins, ursulines, theatines, discalced carmelites, barnabites, , jesuits strengthened rural parishes, improved popular piety, helped curb corruption within church , set examples strong impetus catholic renewal.

humanism

with adoption of large-scale printing after 1500, italian renaissance humanism spread northward france, germany, holland , england, became associated protestant reformation. in france, pre-eminent humanist guillaume budé (1467–1540) applied philological methods of italian humanism study of antique coinage , legal history, composing detailed commentary on justinian s code. although royal absolutist (and not republican italian umanisti), budé active in civic life, serving diplomat francis , helping found collège des lecteurs royaux (later collège de france). meanwhile, marguerite de navarre, sister of francis i, herself poet, novelist , religious mystic, gathered around , protected circle of vernacular poets , writers, including clément marot, pierre de ronsard , françois rabelais.

17th-century philosophy

the philosophy of 17th-century europe marks departure medieval scholasticism , occultist approach of renaissance philosophy. period typified in europe great system-builders, philosophers presented unified systems of epistemology, metaphysics, logic, , ethics , politics , physical sciences well.

immanuel kant classified predecessors 2 schools: rationalists , empiricists, 3 main rationalists taken have been rené descartes, baruch spinoza, , gottfried leibniz.

the first great advances towards modern science made in mid-17th century, notably theory of gravity isaac newton (1643–1727). newton, spinoza, john locke (1632–1704) , pierre bayle (1647–1706) philosophers sparking age of enlightenment in following century.

age of reason , scientific revolution

the great divergence epitomized age of enlightenment (or age of reason). enlightenment, starting in 1750s, flourished until 1790–1800 after emphasis on reason gave way romanticism s emphasis on emotion , counter-enlightenment gained force.

the centre of enlightenment france, based in salons , culminated in great encyclopédie (1751–1772), edited denis diderot (1713–1784) contributions hundreds of leading philosophes (intellectuals) such voltaire (1694–1778) , montesquieu (1689–1755). french enlightenment received in germany, notably fostered frederick great, king of prussia, , gave rise flowering of german philosophy, represented foremost immanuel kant.

the french , german developments further influential in scottish,

russian, spanish , polish philosophy.