Culture Cividade de Terroso

1 culture

1.1 cuisine
1.2 handicrafts
1.3 religion , death rituals

culture

the population worked in agriculture, namely cereals , horticulture, fishing, recollection, shepherding , worked metals, textiles , ceramics. cultural influences arrived inland iberian peninsula, beyond ones proceeding mediterranean through trade.

the castro culture known having defensive walls in cities , villages, circular houses in hilltops , characteristic ceramics, popular among them. disappears roman acculturation , movement of populations coastal plain, strong roman cultural presence, 2nd century bc onwards, visible in vestiges of roman villas found there where, currently, city of póvoa de varzim located (old town of póvoa de varzim, alto de martim vaz , junqueira), , in parishes of estela (villa mendo) , near chapel of santo andré in aver-o-mar.

cuisine

the population lived agriculture, ate seafood, bread , hunted animals.

the population lived agriculture, culture of cereals such wheat , barley, , of vegetables (the broadbean) , acorn.

the concheiro found in cividade showed ate raw or coocked limpets, mussels , sea urchins. these species still broadly common. fishing must not have been regular activity, given lack of archaeological evidence, discovery of hooks , net weights showed castro people able catch fish of considerable size such grouper , snook.

barley farmed produce kind of beer, nicknamed zythos. beer considered barbaric drink greeks , romans given fact accustomed subtleness of wine. acorn smashed create kind of flour.

pickings wild plants, fruits, seeds , roots complemented dietary staple; ate , picked wild blackberries, dandelion, clovers , kelps. of these vegetables still used local population today. romans introduced consumption of wine , olive oil.

the animals used castro people confirmed classical documents , archaeological registers, , included horses, pigs, cows , sheep. interesting note there cultural taboo against eating of horses or dogs.

there little evidence of poultry during castro culture period, during period of roman influence became quite common.

although there fragmentary evidence in cividade, hunting must have been part of everyday life given classic sources, such strabo , pliny elder describe region rich in fauna, including: wild bear, deer, wild boars, foxes, beavers, rabbits, hares , variety of birds; of have been valuable food sources.

handicrafts

castro ceramics had many different drawings.

castro ceramics (goblets , vases) evolved during ages, primitive system use of potter s wheels. however, amphorae , use of glass started common romanization. these amphorae, essentially, served transport , storage of cereals, fruits, wine , olive oil.

many of ceramics found in cividade de terroso had local characteristics. pottery seen man s work , significant amounts found great variety, showing cheap, important , accessible product.

native pottery.

however, city s ceramic structure practically identical ones found in other castros of same period. decoration of vases of incisive type (decoration cut clay before firing), scapulae , impressed vases existed; adobe lace, in rope form, or without incisions found.

drawings in s , assigned palmípedes, found in engraved vases, these printed other printed or engraved drawings. other decorative forms, can appear mixed , diverse techniques, include circles, triangles, semicircles, lines, in zig-zag, in total of 2 hundred of different kinds of drawings.

weaving sufficiently generalized , seen woman s duty , progressing, during roman period; weights of sewing press found , sets of ten of cossoiros. discovery of shears strengthened idea of systematic breeding of sheep use wool.

metallurgy in cividade de terroso.

numerous vestiges of metallurgic activities had been detected , great amounts of casting slags, fibulae, fragmented iron objects , other metals remains discovered, lead, copper/bronze, tin , perhaps gold. gatos (for repairing ceramics), pins, fibulae, stili , needles in copper or bronze, demonstrating work in copper , alloys 1 of common activities of town. iron used many every-day objects, nails found, hooks , tip of scythe or dagger.

near door of wall (in southwest of city) workshop identified, given in place vestiges of activity had been found such use of fire high temperatures, nugget , slags casting metals, ores , other indications.

goldsmithery contributed póvoa de varzim being reference proto-historical archaeology in north-western iberian peninsula. namely, finding of complete jewellery: earrings of laundos , articulated necklace , earrings of estela. in proper cividade, certifications of works in gold , silver had been collected rocha peixoto. in mountain range of rates, ancient mining explorations visible: castro , roman ones, given these hills possessed essential gold , silver used jewellery production.

in 1904, mason while building mill in top of são félix hill, in vicinity of smaller castro de laundos, found vase jewellery inside, these pieces had been bought rocha peixoto took them museum of porto. jewellery made using evolved technique, similar ones made in mediterranean, namely use of plates , welds, filigree , granulated.

religion , death rituals

religious cults , ceremonies had objective harmonize people natural forces. castro people had great number of deities, in coastal area city located, cosus, native deity related in later periods roman god mars, prevailed such extent no other deities popular in hinterland venerated in coastal region cosus worshiped.

some cesspits, instance organized pentagon, adorn flagstone of cividade, function unknown, may have had magical-religious function.

the funerary ritual of cividade common other pre-roman peoples of portuguese territory, archaeological data found in castro area, excepting @ cividade de terroso.

the ritual of cividade rite of cremation , placing ashes of dead in small circular-shaped cesspits stonework adornment in interior of houses. in later periods, ashes deposited in exterior of houses, still inside of family setting.

in 1980, discovery of funerary cist, , entire vase, , fragments of 1 without covering, evidences breaking. vase similar found in são félix hill, last 1 jewels in interior, assuming these jewels had same funerary context.