Social psychology Dual process theory

1 social psychology

1.1 stereotyping
1.2 terror management theory , dual process model
1.3 dual process , habituation
1.4 dual process , steering cognition
1.5 application in economic behavior

social psychology

the dual process has impact on social psychology in such domains stereotyping, categorization, , judgment. especially, study of automaticity , of implicit in dual process theories has influence on person s perception. people perceive other people s information , categorize them age, gender, race, or role. according neuberg , fiske (1987) perceiver receives amount of information target person use formal mental category (unconscious) basis judging person. when perceiver distracted, perceiver has pay more attention target information (conscious). categorization basic process of stereotyping in people categorized social groups have specific stereotypes associated them. able retrieve people s judgment automatically without subjective intention or effort. attitude can activated spontaneously object. john bargh s study offered alternative view, holding attitudes, weak ones capable of automatic activation. whether attitude formed automatically or operates effort , control, can still bias further processing of information object , direct perceivers actions regard target. according shelly chaiken, heuristic processing activation , application of judgmental rules , heuristics presumed learned , stored in memory. used when people making accessible decisions such experts right (system 1) , systematic processing inactive when individuals make effortful scrutiny of relevant information requires cognitive thinking (system 2). heuristic , systematic processing influence domain of attitude change , social influence. unconscious thought theory counterintuitive , contested view unconscious mind adapted highly complex decision making. dual system models define complex reasoning domain of effortful conscious thought, utt argues complex issues best dealt unconsciously.

stereotyping

dual process models of stereotyping propose when perceive individual, salient stereotypes pertaining them activated automatically. these activated representations guide behavior if no other motivation or cognition take place. however, controlled cognitive processes can inhibit use of stereotypes when there motivation , cognitive resources so. devine (1989) provided evidence dual process theory of stereotyping in series of 3 studies. study 1 linked found prejudice (according modern racism scale) unrelated knowledge of cultural stereotypes of african americans. study 2 showed subjects used automatically-activated stereotypes in judgments regardless of prejudice level (personal belief). participants primed stereotype relevant or non-relevant words , asked give hostility ratings of target unspecified race performing ambiguously hostile behaviors. regardless of prejudice level, participants primed more stereotype-relevant words gave higher hostility ratings ambiguous target. study 3 investigated whether people can control stereotype use activating personal beliefs. low-prejudice participants asked list african americans listed more positive examples did high in prejudice.

terror management theory , dual process model

according psychologists pyszczynski, greenberg, & solomon, dual process model, in relation terror management theory, identifies 2 systems brain manages fear of death: distal , proximal. distal defenses fall under system 1 category because unconscious whereas proximal defenses fall under system 2 category because operates conscious thought.

dual process , habituation

habituation can described decreased response repeated stimulus. according groves , thompson, process of habituation mimics dual process. dual process theory of behavioral habituation relies on 2 underlying (non-behavioral) processes; depression , facilitation relative strength of 1 on other determining whether or not habituation or sensitization seen in behavior. habituation weakens intensity of repeated stimulus on time subconsciously. result, person give stimulus less conscious attention on time. conversely, sensitization subconsciously strengthens stimulus on time, giving stimulus more conscious attention. though these 2 systems not both conscious, interact people understand surroundings strengthening stimuli , diminishing others.

dual process , steering cognition

according walker, system 1 functions serial cognitive steering processor system 2, rather parallel system. in large-scale repeated studies school students, walker tested how students adjusted imagined self-operation in different curriculum subjects of maths, science , english. showed students consistently adjust biases of heuristic self-representation specific states different curriculum subjects. model of cognitive steering proposes that, in order process epistemically varied environmental data, heuristic orientation system required align varied, incoming environmental data existing neural algorithmic processes. brain s associative simulation capacity, centered around imagination, plays integrator role perform function. evidence early-stage concept formation , future self-operation within hippocampus supports model,. in cognitive steering model, conscious state emerges effortful associative simulation, required align novel data accurately remote memory, via later algorithmic processes. contrast, fast unconscious automaticity constituted unregulated simulatory biases, induce errors in subsequent algorithmic processes. phrase ‘rubbish in, rubbish out used explain errorful heuristic processing: errors occur if accuracy of initial retrieval , location of data poorly self-regulated.

application in economic behavior

according alos-ferrer , strack dual-process theory has relevance in economic decision-making through multiple-selves model, in 1 person s self-concept composed of multiple selves depending on context. example of student hard working , intelligent, sibling caring , supportive. decision-making involves use of both automatic , controlled processes, depends on person , situation, , given person s experiences , current situation decision process may differ. given there 2 decision processes differing goals 1 more more useful in particular situations. example, person presented decision involving selfish rational motive , social motive. depending on individual 1 of motives more appealing other, depending on situation preference 1 motive or other may change. using dual-process theory important consider whether 1 motive more automatic other, , in particular case automaticity depend on individual , experiences. selfish person may choose selfish motive more automaticity non-selfish person, , yet controlled process may still outweigh based on external factors such situation, monetary gains, or societal pressure. although there stable preference motive 1 select based on individual important remember external factors influence decision. dual process theory provides different source of behavioral heterogeneity in economics. assumed within economics heterogeneity comes differences in taste , rationality, while dual process theory indicates necessary considerations of processes automated , how these different processes may interact within decision making.