Versus normal personality Personality disorder

the issue of relationship between normal personality , personality disorders 1 of important issues in personality , clinical psychology. personality disorders classification (dsm 5 , icd-10) follows categorical approach views personality disorders discrete entities distinct each other , normal personality. in contrast, dimensional approach alternative approach personality disorders represent maladaptive extensions of same traits describe normal personality.

thomas widiger , collaborators have contributed debate significantly. discussed constraints of categorical approach , argued dimensional approach personality disorders. specifically, proposed 5 factor model of personality alternative classification of personality disorders. example, view specifies borderline personality disorder can understood combination of emotional lability (i.e., high neuroticism), impulsivity (i.e., low conscientiousness), , hostility (i.e., low agreeableness). many studies across cultures have explored relationship between personality disorders , 5 factor model. research has demonstrated personality disorders largely correlate in expected ways measures of 5 factor model , has set stage including 5 factor model within dsm-5.

in clinical practice, individuals diagnosed interview psychiatrist based on mental status examination, may take account observations relatives , others. 1 tool of diagnosing personality disorders process involving interviews scoring systems. patient asked answer questions, , depending on answers, trained interviewer tries code responses were. process time consuming.

abbreviations used: ppd – paranoid personality disorder, szpd – schizoid personality disorder, stpd – schizotypal personality disorder, aspd – antisocial personality disorder, bpd – borderline personality disorder, hpd – histrionic personality disorder, npd – narcissistic personality disorder, avpd – avoidant personality disorder, dpd – dependent personality disorder, ocpd – obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, papd – passive-aggressive personality disorder, dppd – depressive personality disorder, sdpd – self-defeating personality disorder, sapd – sadistic personality disorder, , n/a – not available.

as of 2002, there on fifty published studies relating 5 factor model (ffm) personality disorders. since time, quite number of additional studies have expanded on research base , provided further empirical support understanding dsm personality disorders in terms of ffm domains. in seminal review of personality disorder literature published in 2007, lee anna clark asserted five-factor model of personality accepted representing higher-order structure of both normal , abnormal personality traits .

the 5 factor model has been shown predict 10 personality disorder symptoms , outperform minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (mmpi) in prediction of borderline, avoidant, , dependent personality disorder symptoms.

research results examining relationships between ffm , each of ten dsm personality disorder diagnostic categories available. example, in study published in 2003 titled five-factor model , personality disorder empirical literature: meta-analytic review , authors analyzed data 15 other studies determine how personality disorders different , similar, respectively, regard underlying personality traits. in terms of how personality disorders differ, results showed each disorder displays ffm profile meaningful , predictable given unique diagnostic criteria. regard similarities, findings revealed prominent , consistent personality dimensions underlying large number of personality disorders positive associations neuroticism , negative associations agreeableness.

openness experience

at least 3 aspects of openness experience relevant understanding personality disorders: cognitive distortions, lack of insight , impulsivity. problems related high openness can cause problems social or professional functioning excessive fantasising, peculiar thinking, diffuse identity, unstable goals , nonconformity demands of society.

high openness characteristic schizotypal personality disorder (odd , fragmented thinking), narcissistic personality disorder (excessive self-valuation) , paranoid personality disorder (sensitivity external hostility). lack of insight (shows low openness) characteristic personality disorders , explain persistence of maladaptive behavioral patterns.

the problems associated low openness difficulties adapting change, low tolerance different worldviews or lifestyles, emotional flattening, alexithymia , narrow range of interests. rigidity obvious aspect of (low) openness among personality disorders , shows lack of knowledge of 1 s emotional experiences. characteristic of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder; opposite of known impulsivity (here: aspect of openness shows tendency behave unusually or autistically) characteristic of schizotypal , borderline personality disorders.