History Cividade de Terroso

1 history

1.1 settlement
1.2 viriatus murdered , revenge
1.3 roman conquest
1.4 last urban stage under roman mercy policy
1.5 citadel exodus
1.6 18th century legendary city
1.7 20th century archaeology

history
settlement

citadel s ruins.

the settlement of cividade de terroso founded during bronze age, between 800 , 900 bc, result of displacement of people inhabiting fertile plain of beiriz , várzea in póvoa de varzim. data supported discovery of egg-shaped cesspits, excavated in 1981 armando coelho, collected fragments of 4 vases of earlier period prior settlement of cividade. such, part of oldest castro culture settlements, such ones santa luzia or roriz.

the city prospered due strong defensive walls , location near ocean, facilitated trade maritime civilizations of mediterranean sea, during carthaginian rule in south-eastern iberian peninsula.

viriatus murdered , revenge

aqualata mines probable source of several castro culture jewels, including treasure of villa mendo (replica pictured) , laundos earrings.

trade attracted roman attention during punic wars , romans had learned of wealth of castro region in gold , tin. viriathus led troops of lusitanian confederation, included several tribes, hindered northward growth of roman republic @ douro river, murder in 138 bc opened way roman legions. citadel , castro culture perished @ end of lusitanian war. of viriatus fighters may have sought refuge in north. these grovii , callacian tribes , following celtic ways, women, wanted revenge death of viriatus. attacked roman settlements in lusitania, gaining momentum support of other tribes along way, reaching south of peninsula, near modern andalusia. endangering roman rule in large stretches of hispania.

roman conquest

decimus junius brutus sent roman province of hispania ulterior deal , led campaign in order annex castro region (of callaeci tribes) rome, led complete destruction of city, after death of viriathus. strabo wrote, describing period: until stopped romans, humiliated them , reduced of cities mere villages (strabo, iii.3.5). these cities included abobriga, lambriaca , cinania. lambriaca allied rome, rebelled following regional pressure perceived traitors in region. led rebellion after months of siege, asked mercy siege left city without provision of supplies. coast occupied celts. in conventus bracarensis, romans establish augustan citadel of bracara, there grovii , heleni of greek origin. grovii dwelt in coast near rivers avo (the ave river), celadus, nebis, minius , oblivion. laeros , ulla rivers in north reach of people. notable citadel of abobriga or avobriga, located near mouth of ave river, name suggests. according pomponius mela, located near lambriaca, in lands of grovii. hint identify celtic lambriaca had 2 areas cliffs , easy access other 2 sides.

the important city of cinania rich, inhabitants had several luxury goods, kept independence due city s strong defensive walls, , despise rome. brutus wished conquer before leaving iberia , not leave conquest other officials. planned siege. romans used catapults destroy city s walls , invade citadel, inhabitants resisted attempted roman assaults, causing roman casualties. romans had withdraw. cinanians used tunnel, used mining, surprise assault on roman camp destroying catapults. nonetheless, appian mentioned 2 battles led brutus, in women fought alongside men, both ended in roman victory. archaeological data in cividade de terroso , tribesmen s last stand behavior, included children in 1 of battles, highlight barbarity of conquest.

the last urban stage under roman mercy policy

building dating roman period.

roman mercy recorded establishment of brutus s peaceful settlements. sometime later, cividade rebuilt , became heavily romanized, started cividade s last urban stage. upon return, brutus gained honorific callaecus on fifth day before ides, festival of vesta in month of junius. celebrated milestone refers brutus victories extended ocean. brutus referred plutarch brutus triumphed on lusitania , invader of lusitania.

citadel exodus

the region incorporated in roman empire , totally pacified during rule of caesar augustus. in coastal plain, roman villa known villa euracini created, hence property of family known euracini. family joined castro people returned coastal plain. fish factory , salt evaporation ponds built near new villa, , later 1 cetariæ , housing complex, 1 of buildings dating 1st century. romans built roads, including via veteris, necropolis , exploited famed local mines, became known aqualata. 1st century onward, , during imperial period, slow abandonment of cividade hill started.

an 18th century legendary city

in memória paroquiais (parish memories) of 1758, director antónio fernandes da loba other clergymen parish of terroso, wrote: parish surrounded farming fields, , in 1 area, in middle of it, there higher hill, third of farming fields of parish , ancient city of moors hill, because known cividade hill.

the lieutenant veiga leal in news of póvoa de varzim on may 24 of 1758 wrote: hill known cividade, 1 can see several hints of houses, people formed city, cars bricks ruins of 1 arrive in town.

20th century archaeology

group of workers made excavations in 1906 in cividade.



cividade de terroso during first archaeology works in 1906.

cividade later cited other authors. in 20th century, rocha peixoto encouraged friend antónio dos santos graça subsidize archaeology works.

outside acropolis, modern archaeological surveys reveled more buildings.

in 1906, excavations began on june 5 25 manual workers , continued until october, interrupted due bad weather; recommenced in may 1907, finishing in same year. materials discovered taken museums in city of porto.

after death of rocha peixoto, in 1909, rocks of citadel had been used pave streets in póvoa de varzim, notably rua santos minho street , rua das hortas. occasionally, groups of scouts of portuguese youth , others in decades of 1950s , 1960s, made diggings in search archaeology pieces. seen archaeological vandalism continued after cividade listed property of public interest in 1961.

in 1980, póvoa de varzim city hall invited armando coelho pursue further archaeology works; these took place during summer of year. result used coelho s project cultura castreja norte de portugal. archaeological surveys led same archaeologist resumed in 1981, leading discovery of grave , tombstones, helped comprehend funerary rituals; housing, yards , walls surveyed, main focus 1982 archaeological surveys along recovery of decumanus street (east-west). archaeology works resumed in 1989 , 1991. city hall purchased acropolis area , constructed small archaeological museum in entrance.

in 2005, groups of portuguese , spanish (galician) archaeologists had started study hypothesis of cividade , 6 others classified world heritage sites of unesco. rede de castros noroeste, northwestern castro network, established in 2015 grouping important sites in northern portugal including cividade de terroso cividade de bagunte, citânia de sanfins, citânia de briteiros, citânia de santa lúzia , few other sites.